Browsing by Author "Mukandavire, Z."

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    HIV status and contraceptive use in Zimbabwe among sexually active adolescent girls and women: Secondary analysis of Zimbabwe Demographic Health survey data
    (SAMJ Research, 2024-06) Musuka, G.; Murewanhema, G.; Mukandavire, Z.; Chingombe, I.; Cuadros, D.; Mutenherwa, F.; Dzinamarira, T.; Eghtessadi, R.; Malunguza, N.; Mapingure, M.
    BACKGROUND. Understanding the pattern of contraceptive use among women living with HIV is critical for formulating relevant public health interventions to improve the uptake and use of reliable methods in this population. This helps to reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancies. OBJECTIVE. In this secondary data analysis, we aimed to describe contraceptive use by HIV-positive and HIV-negative sexually active adolescent girls and women, using data from the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2015-16). METHOD. We used statistical analysis to determine the association between the use of various methods of contraception and HIV status using the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, 2015-16 data. RESULTS. Overall, the contraceptive use prevalence in this study was 60%. Sexually active adolescent girls and women on the Pill and injections were less likely to be HIV-positive compared with those not using any method of contraception (odds ratio (OR)= 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI)(0.45-0.64), p= 0.001; and OR= 0.75, 95% CI (0.59-0.96), p= 0.020, respectively). Those using either a male or female condom were more likely to be HIV-positive, OR= 3.36, 95% CI (2.63-4.28), p= 0.001. CONCLUSIONS. This study revealed that there is still a considerable unmet need for contraception among the study population, highlighting the need to devise strategies to increase contraception uptake among women. Statistically significant differences were noted in the use of condoms, with those who are HIV-positive having a higher use of condoms compared with those who are HIV-negative. This may reflect that HIV-positive individuals have received appropriate counselling messages on the need to use barrier methods.
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    Quantifying early COVID-19 outbreak transmission in South Africa and exploring vaccine efficacy scenarios
    (2020-07-24) Mukandavire, Z.; Nyabadza, F.; Malunguza, N.J.; Cuadros, D.F.; Shiri, T.; Musuka, G.
    The emergence and fast global spread of COVID-19 has presented one of the greatest public health challenges in modern times with no proven cure or vaccine. Africa is still early in this epidemic, therefore the extent of disease severity is not yet clear. We used a mathematical model to fit to the observed cases of COVID-19 in South Africa to estimate the basic reproductive number and critical vaccination coverage to control the disease for different hypothetical vaccine efficacy scenarios. We also estimated the percentage reduction in effective contacts due to the social distancing measures implemented. Early model estimates show that COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa had a basic reproductive number of 2.95 (95% credible interval [CrI] 2.83–3.33). A vaccine with 70% efficacy had the capacity to contain COVID-19 outbreak but at very higher vaccination coverage 94.44% (95% Crl 92.44–99.92%) with a vaccine of 100% efficacy requiring 66.10% (95% Crl 64.72–69.95%) coverage. Social distancing measures put in place have so far reduced the number of social contacts by 80.31% (95% Crl 79.76–80.85%). These findings suggest that a highly efficacious vaccine would have been required to contain COVID-19 in South Africa. Therefore, the current social distancing measures to reduce contacts will remain key in controlling the infection in the absence of vaccines and other therapeutics.