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Browsing by Author "Nyambuya, G. G."

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Apsidal Precession of the Outer Solar Planetary Orbits due to the Pioneer Anomaly
(Elsevier, 2017-01) Nyambuya, G. G.
Despite the now common position that the Pioneer anomaly is not a real gravitational effect but an effect due to the on-board thermal recoil forces – for curiosity’s sake, we here take the suggestion of Nyambuya (2015) where it has been assumed that the Pioneer anomaly – can, in-principle, be attributed to a gravitational effect due to these spacecrafts accreting some material from a rarefied Interplanetary Medium (IPM) in the domain where the Pioneer anomaly has manifested [20AU . r . 70AU]. If this assumption is correct, then, the expected Pioneer acceleration of these spacecrafts maybe much smaller than the Pioneer acceleration to cause as noticeable apsidal precession of the outer Solar planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, thus making it difficult to ruleout a gravitational origin of the Pioneer anomaly.
Are Flyby Anomalies an ASTG Phenomenon? (ASTGII)
(arXiv, 2010-05-10) Nyambuya, G. G.
This reading expounds with expediency on the recently proposed Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation(ASTG) set-up earlier. At its inspection,it was demonstrated that the ASTG is capable (among others solar anomalies) of explaining the precession of the perihelion of solar planets. In the present, we show that the ASTG is capable of explaining the puzzling observation of ﬂyby anomalies, i.e. the anomalous asymptotic speed increases of the osculating hyperbolic speed excess. It is shown that these ﬂyby anomalies occur naturally in the ASTG. We derive the empirical formula proposed by Andersonet al. in 2008,which up to now has no physical or foundational basis except that experience suggest it. If the ASTG model is correct,then for the ﬁrst time the Andersonet al.formula is given a physical meaning.
Are Photons Massless or Massive?
(Scientific Research, 2014) Nyambuya, G. G.
Prevailing and conventional wisdom as drawn from both Professor Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and our palatable experience, holds that photons are massless particles and that, every particle that travels at the speed of light must – accordingly, be massless. Amongst other important but now resolved problems in physics, this assumption led to the Neutrino Mass Problem – namely, “Do neutrinos have mass?” Neutrinos appear very strongly to travel at the speed of light and according to the afore-stated, they must be massless. Massless neutrinos have a problem in that one is unable to explain the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations because this requires massive neutrinos. Experiments appear to strongly suggest that indeed, neutrinos most certainly are massive particles. While this solves the problem of neutrino oscillation, it directly leads to another problem, namely that of ‘‘How can a massive particle travel at the speed of light? Is not this speed a preserve and prerogative of only massless particles?” We argue herein that in principle, it is possible for massive particles to travel at the speed of light. In presenting the present letter, our hope is that this may aid or contribute significantly in solving the said problem of “How can massive particles travel at the speed of light?”
Are Photons Massless or Massive?
(Scientific Research, 2014) Nyambuya, G. G.
Prevailing and conventional wisdom as drawn from both Professor Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity(STR) and our palatable experience, holds that photons are massless particles and that, every particle that travels at the speed of light must – accordingly, be massless. Amongst other important but now resolved problems in physics, this assumption led to the Neutrino Mass Problem – namely, “Do neutrinos have mass?” Neutrinos appear very strongly to travel at the speed of light and according to the afore-stated, they must be massless. Massless neutrinos have a problem in that one is unable to explain the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations because this requires massive neutrinos. Experiments appear to strongly suggest that indeed, neutrinos most certainly are massive particles. While this solves the problem of neutrino oscillation, it directly leads to another problem, namely that of ‘‘How can a massive particle travel at the speed of light? Is not this speed a preserve and prerogative of only massless particles?” We argue herein that in principle, it is possible for massive particles to travel at the speed of light. In presenting the present letter, our hope is that this may aid or contribute significantly in solving the said problem of “How can massive particles travel at the speed of light?”
Avoiding Negative Probabilities in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics.
(SciRes, 2013-03-21) Nyambuya, G. G.
As currently understood since its discovery, the bare Klein-Gordon theory consists of negative quantum probabilities which are considered to be physically meaningless if not outright obsolete. Despite this annoying setback, these negative probabilities are what led the great Paul Dirac in 1928 to the esoteric discovery of the Dirac equation. The Dirac equation led to one of the greatest advances in our understanding of the physical World. In this reading, we ask the seemingly senseless question, “Do negative probabilities exist in quantum mechanics?” In an effort to answer this question, we arrive at the conclusion that depending on the choice one makes of the quantum probability current, one will obtain negative probabilities. We thus propose a new quantum probability current of the Klein-Gordon theory. This quantum probability current leads directly to positive definite quantum probabilities. Because these negative probabilities are in the bare Klein-Gordon theory, intrinsically a result of negative energies, the fact that we-here arrive at a theory with positive probabilities, means that negative energy particles are not to be considered problematic as is the case in the bare Klein-Gordon theory. From an abstract-objective stand-point; in comparison with positive energy particles, the corollary is that negative energy particles should have equal chances to exist. As to why these negative energy particles do not exist, this is analogous to asking why is it that Dirac’s antimatter does not exist in equal proportions with matter. This problem of why negative energy particles do not exist in equal proportions with positive energy particles is a problem that needs to be solved by a future theory.
Azimuthally SymmetricTheory of Gravitation (I) On the Perihelion Precession of Planetary Orbits
(arXiv, 2009-12-15) Nyambuya, G. G.
From a purely none-general relativistic standpoint,we solve the empty space Poisson equation(∇2Φ=0) for an azimuthally symmetric setting, i.e., for a spinning gravitational system like the Sun. We seek the general solution of the formΦ = Φ(r,θ). This general solution is constrained such that in the zeroth order approximation it reduces to Newton’swell known inverse square law of gravitation. For this general solution, it is seen that it has implications on the orbits of test bodies in the gravitational ﬁeld of this spinning body. We show that to second order approximation,this azimuthally symmetric gravitational ﬁeld is capable of explaining at least two things (1) the observed perihelion shift of solar planets (2) that the mean Earth-Sun distance must be increasing–this resonates with the observations of two independent groups of astronomers(Krasinsky&Brumberg 2004; Standish 2005) who have measured that the mean Earth-Sun distance must be increasing at a rate of about7.0±0.2m/cy (Standish 2005) to 15.0±0.3m/cy (Krasinsky&Brumberg 2004).In-principle,we are able to explain this result as a consequence of loss of orbit alangular momentum–this loss of orbit alangular momentum is a direct prediction of the theory.Further,we show that the theory is able to explain at a satisfactory level the observed secular increase Earth Year (1.70±0.05ms/yr; Miuraet al. 2009). Furthermore, we show that the theory makes a signiﬁcant and testable prediction to the effect that the period of the solar spin must be decreasing at a rate of at least8.00±2.00s/cy.
Bipolar Outﬂows as a Repulsive Gravitational Phenomenon –Azimuthally SymmetricTheory of Gravitation (II)
(arXiv, 2010-10-18) Nyambuya, G. G.
This reading is part in a series on the Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG) set-out in Nyambuya (2010a). This theory is built on Laplace- Poisson’s well known equation and it has been shown therein (Nyambuya 2010a) that the ASTG is capable of explaining – from a purely classical physics standpoint; the precession of the perihelion of solar planets as being a consequence of the azimuthal symmetry emerging from the spin of the Sun. This symmetry has and must have an influence on the emergent gravitational field. We show herein that the emergent equations from the ASTG – under some critical conditions determined by the spin – do possess repulsive gravitational fields in the polar regions of the gravitating body in question. This places the ASTG on an interesting pedal to infer the origins of outflows as a repulsive gravitational phenomena. Outflows are an ubiquitous phenomena found in star forming systems and their true origins is a question yet to be settled. Given the current thinking on their origins, the direction that the present reading takes is nothing short of an asymptotic break from conventional wisdom; at the very least, it is a complete paradigm shift as gravitation is not at all associated; let alone considered to have anything to do with the out-pour of matter but is thought to be an all-attractive force that tries only to squash matter together into a single point. Additionally, we show that the emergent Azimuthally Symmetric Gravitational Field from the ASTG strongly suggests a solution to the supposed Radiation Problem that is thought to be faced by massive stars in their process of formation. That is, at 8 - 10M , radiation from the nascent star is expected to halt the accretion of matter onto the nascent star. We show that in-falling material will fall onto the equatorial disk and from there, this material will be channelled onto the forming star via the equatorial plane thus accretion of mass continues well past the curtain value of 8-10M albeit via the disk. Along the equatorial plane, the net force (with the radiation force included) on any material there-on right up-till the surface of the star, is directed toward the forming star, hence accretion of mass by the nascent star is un-hampered.
Case of the Symmetrically Accelerated Twins
(QuantumDream, Inc., 2014-11) Nyambuya, G. G.
This is the second instalment in a four part series, the aim of the work being to introduce absolute motion into Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity (STR). Herein, we depart from the traditional case where one twin stays put while the other rockets into space, we consider the case of identically accelerated twins. Both twins depart at uniform relativistic speeds in opposite directions for a round trip from the Earth on their 21th birthday destined into space to some distant constellation that is a distance L0 in the rest frame of the Earth. A proper application of Einstein’s STR tells us that the Earth bound observers will conclude that on the day of reunion, both twins must both have aged the same albeit their clocks (which where initially synchronized with that of the Earth bound observers) will have registered a duration less than that registered by the Earth bound observers. In the traditional twin paradox, it is argued that the stay at home twin will have aged more than the travelling twin and the asymmetry is attributed to the fact that the travelling twin’s frame of reference is not an inertial reference frame during the periods of acceleration and deceleration making it “illegal” for the travelling twin to use the STR in their frame, thus “resolving” the paradox. This same argument does not hold in the case considered here as both twins will undergo identical experiences where each twin sees the other as the one that is in motion. This means, each twin must conclude that the other twin is the one that is younger. They will conclude that their ages must be numerically different, thus disagreeing with the Earth bound observers that their ages are the same. This leads us to a true paradox that throws Einstein’s Philosophy of Relativity into complete disarray.
Dirac Equation for General Spin Particles Including Bosons
(National University of Science & Technology, 2009) Nyambuya, G. G.
We demonstrate (show) that the Dirac equation – which is universally assumed to represent only spin 1/2 particles; can be ma- nipulated using legal mathematical operations – starting from the Dirac equation – so that it describes any general spin particle. If our approach is acceptable and is what Nature employs, then, as currently obtaining, one will not need a unique and separate equation to describe particles of different spins, but only one equation is what is needed – the Gen- eral Spin Dirac Equation. This approach is more economic and very much in the spirit of unification – i.e., the tie-ing together into a single unified garment – a number of phenomenon (or facets of physical and natural reality) using a single principle, which, in the present case is the bunching together into one theory (equation), all spin particles into the General Spin Dirac Equation.
Dirac equation for the proton (I) -- Why three quarks for muster mark?
(2016-03) Nyambuya, G. G.
The present reading is the first in a series where we suggest a Dirac equation for the Proton. Despite its great success in explaining the physical world as we know it, in its bare form, not only is the Dirac equation at loss but fails to account e.g. for the following: (1)Why inside hadrons (Proton in this case) there are three, not four or five quarks; (2) Why quarks have fractional electronic charges; (3) Why the gyromagnetic ratio of the Proton is not equal to two as the Dirac equation requires. In the present reading, we make an attempt to answer the first question of why inside the proton, there are three, not four or five quarks.
Dirac equation for the proton (II) -- Why fractional charges for Muster Mark's Quarks?
(2016-03) Nyambuya, G. G.
The present reading is the second in a series where we suggest a Dirac equation for the Proton. Despite its great success in explaining the physical world as we know it, in its bare form, not only is the Dirac equation at loss but fails to account e.g. for the following: (1) Why inside hadrons there are three, not four or five quarks; (2)Why quarks have fractional charges; (3) Why the gyromagnetic ratio of the Proton is not equal to two as the Dirac equation requires. In the present reading, we make an attempt to answer the second question of why quarks have fractional charges. We actually calculate the exact values of the charges of these quarks.
Dirac Wavefunction as a 4 × 4 Component Function.
(2016-04) Nyambuya, G. G.
Since it was discovered some 84 years ago, the Dirac equation is understood to admit 4 × 1 com- ponent wavefunctions. We demonstrate here that this same equation does admit 4 × 4 component wavefunctions as-well.
Effect of the Darkforce on the Extra-Anomalous Apsidal Precession of Solar Planets
(2018-05) Nyambuya, G. G.
We demonstrate that, while the proposed Gravitational Dark-force Theory (of Nyambuya 2018a, hereafter Paper I) predicts an extra-anomalous apsidal precession for Solar planets due to the gravitational dark-force on the orbits of these planets, the predicted extra-anomalous apsidal precession is so small — so much that — it can not account for the observed extra-anomalous apsidal precession of Solar planets. This null result is important in that it informs us that whatever may be the cause of the extraanomalous apsidal precession, it is not the proposed gravitational dark-force.
Equivalent dirac equation in 24 irreducible representations with symmetry violations Including CPT-Symmetry violation.
(2015-10) Nyambuya, G. G.
We demonstrate that if one adheres to a method akin to Dirac’s method of arriving at the Dirac equation – then, the Dirac equation is not the only equation that one can generate but that there is a whole new twenty four equations that Dirac left out. Off these new equations – interesting is that; some of them violate C, P, T, CT, CP, PT and CPT-Symmetry. If these equations are acceptable on the basis of them flowing from the widely – if not universally accepted Dirac prescription, then, the great riddle of why the preponderance of matter over antimatter might find a solution.
Faint Young Sun Paradox and the Expanding Earth Hypothesis
(ResearchGate, 2018-06) Nyambuya, G. G.
We present a plausible solution to the so-called Faint Young Sun Paradox (FYS-Paradox) within the context of the Expanding Earth Hypothesis (EEH). We show that if — as the current state of the art ITRF observations seem to indicate — the Earth is expanding steadily at a paltry rate of +0.36(6)mm/yr (Shen et al. 2015) and the Earth’s atmosphere is to have a radial vertical height of about one and a half times the Earth’s radius ( 9860 km) from the the Earth’s surface, then, one can (might) explain the presence of liquid water on the Earth’s surface some 3.80 − to − 2.50 billion years ago during the Archaean eon when the Sun’s luminosity was about 75% of its current luminosity. Our suggested (proposed) solution makes use of the veritable fact that the albedo of an atmosphere endowed planet will vary in proportion and in response to the expansion (or contraction) of the planet. The Earth system is herein cast as an automatic self-regulating incubator where the auto-self-regulating mechanism is as a result of the solid Earth’s radial expansion. Our findings have significant and serious implications for the conditions obtaining in the early Earth. These conditions obtaining in the early Earth can be used as general sine-qua-non conditions for probing the possibility of life elsewhere in the Universe.
Four Poission-Laplace Theory of Gravitation (I)
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2014) Nyambuya, G. G.
The Poisson-Laplace equation is a working and acceptable equation of gravitation which is mostly used or applied in its differential form in Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic (MHD) modelling of e.g. molecular clouds. From a general relativistic standpoint, it describes gravitational fields in the region of low spacetime curvature as it emerges in the weak field limit. For non-static gravitational fields, this equation is not generally covariant. On the requirements of general covariance, this equation can be extended to include a time dependent component, in which case, one is led to the Four Poisson-Laplace equation. We solve the Four Poisson-Laplace equation for radial solutions, and apart from the Newtonian gravitational component, we obtain four new solutions leading to four new gravitational components capable (in-principle) of explaining e.g. the Pioneer anomaly, the Titius-Bode Law and the formation of planetary rings. In this letter, we focus only on writing down these solutions. The task to show that these new solutions might explain the aforesaid gravitational anomalies, has been left for separate future readings.
Gauge Invariant Massive Long Range and Long Lived Photons
(Scientific Research, 2014) Nyambuya, G. G.
Prevailing and conventional wisdom holds that intermediate gauge Bosons for long range interactions such as the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions must be massless as is assumed to be the case for the photon whichmediates the electromagnetic interaction. We have argued in a different reading that it should in-principle be possible to have massive photons. The problem of whether or not these photons will lead to short or long range interactions has not been answered. Naturally, because these photons are massive, one would without much pondering and excogitation on the matter assume that these photons can only take part in short range interactions. Contrary to this and to conventional wisdom; via a subtlety – namely, the foregoing of the Lorenz gauge and in line with ideas set out in out proposed Unified Field Theory, the introduction of a vector potential whose components are 4 × 4 hermitian matrices; we show within the confines of Proca Electrodynamics under the said modifications, that massive photons should be long lived (i.e., stable) and be able to take part in long range interactions without any problem.”
General Relativity’s Predictions are Incompatible with the Observed Solar Planetary Semi-major Axis Rates
(2015) Nyambuya, G. G.
It is generally assumed that Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (GTR) is silent on the issue of planetary recession such as has been measured recently by Standish (2005); Krasinsky and Brumberg (2004) and as-well by Williams and Boggs (2009); Williams et al. (2004). In this short note, we demonstrate that the GTR is not silent on this matter, it does make a clear predictions albeit, predictions that is contrary with experience and for this task, we use the same solution that was and has been used triumphantly by Einstein to explain the perihelion precession of the planet Mer- cury. From a pure stand-point of binary logic, we expect this so- lution to stand-up to all its predictions for both the precession of perihelion precession and as-well the expansion of orbits. At any rate imaginable, this apparent contradiction presents an interesting state of affairs for the GTR.
General Spin Dirac Equation (II).
(SciRes, 2013-03-11) Nyambuya, G. G.
In an eailer reading [4], we did demonstrate that one can write down a general spin Dirac equation by modifying the usual Einstein energy-momentum equation via the insertion of the quantity “s” which is identified with the spin of the particle. That is to say, a Dirac equation that describes a particle of spin S = 1 2 s~ where ~ is the normalised Planck constant, are the Pauli 2 × 2 matrices and s = (±1,±2,±3, . . . etc). What is not clear in the reading [4] is how such a modified energy-momentum relation would arise in Nature. At the end of the day, the insertion by sleight of hand of the quantity “s” into the usual Einstein energy-momentum equation, would then appear to be nothing more than speculation. In the present reading – by making use of the curved spacetime Dirac equations proposed in the work [3], we move the exercise of [4] from the realm of speculation to that of plausibility.
Generalised Maxwell’s Equations Under the Coulomb Gauge
(2017-02) Nyambuya, G. G.
We provide amuch simpler proof to Hera’s Existence Theorem and using excerpts fromthe arguments provided in the our alternative proof, we demonstrate that one can safely add a term to Maxwell’s equations whereby one obtains a much more general set of Maxwell’s equation. Using the obtained generalised Maxwell’s equations, we show that these equations predict an energy dependent speed of light. In principle, this energy dependent speed of light can be used to explain the obtained time delays in the arrival of gamma-rays of different energies.

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